Trace element deficiencies are often linked to appearance of warts as they play a role in immunity (selenium and copper as antioxidants) and in skin quality (copper and iodine).
A deficiency of iodine is characterised by several problems in adult females including foetal resorption, abortion and stillbirths. The highest concentration of iodine is found in the thyroid gland (Hostetler, et al., 2003). Iodine is supplied to the foetus by two mechanisms.  First, the endometrium concentrates
iodine by an active process during late pregnancy and makes it available for the foetus (Peterson & Young, 1952). Second, the serum of the foetus has a specific  thyroxine-binding protein that increases
in concentration in late term foetus (Osorio & Myant, 1958).

Presentation:
20’s x 70g (box of 20)

Composition:
Trace Elements Daily supply for 1 bolus of 70g (mg)
3b202 Iodine 19.4
3b303 Cobalt 3.9
3b502 Manganese 78.9
3b801 Selenium 1.0
Vitamins mg
Vitamin B12 0.05

Protocol:
Young stock should receive 1 bolus at at turnout to grass, cattle over 400kg should receive 2 boluses at  turnout to grass. Deficiency can result in the following:

· Swelling in the neck
· Fertility problems due to thyroid dysfunctions
· Abortion/still birth
· Retained placenta
· Anoestrus
· Irregular heats
· Lower CR
· Reduced milk yield
· Poor thrive

Benefits:
· Optimise growth rates in youngstock
· Comfortable and strong calving actions
· Promote Strong, healthy calves
· Elevate conception rates
· Boost general condition